Country Paper 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Country Paper 2 - Essay Example The species in the island have to adapt to the climate for survival. There are a number of endangered species in the present island with different causes for their threat of extension. The most outstanding species that faces extinction in Taiwan is white dolphin. The habitat of the white dolphin is the sea, which is bordering the island. The island has been on the frontline in ensuring the species is protected from extinction. In the recent statistics, white dolphins brought an estimate of 100 (Reeve, 195). Their population has been steadily decreasing sue to the current situations in the sea. The white dolphins are closely associated with the dominant biome in the island as it is their vital survival habitat (Wijnstekers, 123). The white dolphins entirely depend in sea life for survival. In addition to this, the white dolphins do not have any other habitat for their survival, making it a vital structure for their survival. There are a number of conservation techniques used to ensure white dolphins are not extinct. First, the country has initiated a drive, which reduces the pollution of the sea. It has been discovered that the white dolphins are reducing due to the high pollution injected into the habitat (Chen, 18). A reduction of these pollutants will result into a better environment conducive for their survival. Secondly, fines have been imposed to any activity that poses a threat to the habitat. This has reduced the threats that pose a danger to the adored specie. Protecting endangered species is an appropriate activity that guarantees continuity in life of some species (McBeath and Leng, 49). For instance, protection of white dolphins is a plausible activity that guarantees continuity of the species (Reeve, 23). Aversion of such measures would lead to diminishing of such species, as they would be extinct like

Narrative style of the novel Essay Example for Free

Narrative style of the novel Essay Comment on how the language contributes to the understanding of the character, plots, theme and narrative style of the novel Chapter 6 is presented to the audience entirely in the past with no hindsight. Once again it develops the plot showing the children developing closer to adulthood, yet still not quite there, not understanding the consequences of their actions : was it you two? , I look away. The language from the passage in the hard back page 111 to 113 contributes to the understanding of the characters, plots, themes and narrative style of the novel. The section about the hierarchy in trees only further reinforces the naivety and stupidity to the character Stephen. Stephen has an obvious sense of hierarchy and in this case the sour smell of the elders and its humiliating position at the very bottom of the hierarchy of trees. This continues into the familiar world out here at the end of the Lanes, ie: the hierarchy of humans where the levels convey Stephens actual opinion of the concept of hierarchy and social status. This shows how immature Stephen is and however evident is his naivety. See more: what is a narrative essay In hindsight Frayn exposes the audience to the intentional irony of the sliver framed heroes at the highest to the lowest an old derelict taking refuge who are the same person. Frayn has emphasised this hierarchy from the beginning. Stephen feels in triumph that for once he perceives himself higher than someone else in the human precedence and the language emphatically robusts this. This only reinforces that younger is obsessed with hierarchy only after the discussion of hierarchy is there a sense of realisation. The language in this passage contributes the understanding in the theme of mystery and adventure. Stephen relies on this adventure to prove himself to Keith and in doing so show Keith that hes not the only one who can think of plans and projects. The use of personal pronoun I used more frequently than other times (7) conveys Stephens awareness that at this point in the adventure, wherein he can contribute, is a way he can gain approval of others even at the exploitation of the tramp. The passage for the first time shows an all time low in the adventure and rain blows as deliberate violence. This marks a key turning point in the plot as they have to fine some reason for their expedition as they have lost Mrs Hayward. The language used to describe the old mans feelings are just some of the feelings evoked that explain exactly what the boys have been doing bullying, and in doing so, the language also introduces the theme of memory. Frayn draws attention to this key theme by making older Stephen interrupt his story to remind the audience that the Stephen who was once a victim of bullying is now the perpetrator. This narrative style is a device that suggests implausibly that older Stephen is telling the story and also draws attention to memory as a concept and theme. Not only that, but it helps the reader understand that the reason I (Stephen) throw down my iron bar, is to reflect what Stephen knew at that point in time is that what he was doing was bullying. In this passage Frayns presents the language as a way of children going on to do adult things but without adult hindsight and therefore reminds the audience that they are still developing unable to foresee the consequences of their actions. The language is deceptively simple in style, but the passage in Chapter 6 shows a subtlety in language. From the beginning of the passage Stephen shows this middle class social ranking which leads him into his so called heroism that is particularly associated with middle class values. This duty he is estranged with towards Keith was particularly powerful conception in times of war and for Stephen it shows a development in his character and what he is prepared to do out of duty for Keith. Thus, Frayn cleverly uses linguistic devices and in this case exploits the language in order to contribute to the understanding of the characters, plot, themes and narrative style of the novel.

Sniper Coward or Hero :: essays papers

Sniper Coward or Hero Since the invention of the firearm, skilled individuals with specialized equipment have influenced the ebb and flow of the battlefield. At times this influence has been so great as to turn the tide of history. The long-range sharpshooter or sniper has had a telling effect on the direction, drive, and scope of battle. The sniper has felled the command structure of his enemies, rendered their equipment useless, and driven fear into the heart of the men. Thus, the sniper is one of the most effective weapons on the field of battle. A true sniper is an operative who gathers intelligence for the command structure and occasionally takes the one, well-aimed shot that, if done properly, will save lives. In order to better understand exactly how snipers are valuable, one needs to consider their mission, training, and equipment. The sniper^s primary mission is to deliver long range, precision fire on key targets and targets of opportunity. His secondary mission is the collection and reporting of information. Both missions are very specific and dangerous. To carry out these missions, a sniper must be highly trained in marksmanship and field craft skills to ensure maximum effectiveness with minimum risk (Lanning 88-100). The U. S. Army Sniper School is five weeks of intense training. Before a student can even be considered for attendance to sniper school, he must meet stringent qualifications and pass a mental examination. Classes are usually small, but have a high failure rate. The first week consists of physical training and classroom instruction, concentrating on the construction of a Ghillie Suit, which is a special hand made form of camouflage (Sasser 215). The second, third, and fourth weeks are composed of practical exercises and tests covering everything taught during week one. Emphasis is placed on developing stalking skills. Stalking is the term used when a sniper maneuvers into his final firing position (Lanning 159). After the fourth week and all the field orientated tests have been completed, the students that are left, participate in a four day field training exercise which is run as a real life mission. The students form two-man teams. One is the sniper and the other is his spotter. The spotter^s main function is to observe a target and provide data to the shooter. The spotter must also be fully sniper qualified and trained to carry out the mission. The team receives an operation order, which explains its first mission or objective. The team must then plan its

Handwashing Study Essay

The hands are the most used body organ and are exposed to pathogens at a higher level than any other part of our body. For humans to maintain a state of good health, we have to reduce the transmission to these pathogens. One proven method to interrupt the transmission is by maintaining hand hygiene. The objective of this integrative review was to examine the relationship between hand washing and incidence of health care associated infections (HCAIs) in healthcare settings and provide evidence based recommendations for the future directions for health care providers to prevent infections. Importance of maintaining hand hygiene Evidence to support the importance of hand hygiene in infection prevention dates back to the early 1800’s with Ignaz Semmelweis. The significance of limiting the spread of infections has been emphasized from the days of Florence Nightingale. HCAIs acquired during hospital stays might affect up to 10% of patients in the USA. The World health Organization (WHO) published national guidelines for hand hygiene in healthcare to increase patient safety and limit the spread/exposure to organisms. Medical personnel frequently skip hand washing between patients either because they were not near a sink or they just didn’t have the time. Compliance for hand hygiene by all healthcare workers on average is 50%. Literature review I reviewed five journals on hand washing. Makie et al. (2013) identifies 4 primary objectives to prevent infection that all need to be used in parallel: (1) hand washing; (2) protective barriers (3) decontamination of the environment, items and equipment used for patients; and (4) antibiotic surveillance. One used with the other three will put your patient at risk for exposure. Despite an extensive amount of research/data and evidence supporting these interventions, healthcare workers’ translation into their daily practice is lacking. The writer promotes compliance and consistency of these objectives to control the spread of infections within their healthcare environment. According to Hiremath et al. (2012), hand washing is one of the most effective means of preventing infections. The author feels â€Å"it’s a personal vaccine†. To foster support of the hand washing initiative on a global level we must raise awareness of its importance. People need to  be educa ted and understand the risk of not washing their hand, when to wash their hand (after toilet use, diaper changes, food handling, or visibly soiled) and how others can become exposed to organisms. They also need to understand the proper technique. Beggs, Sheperd et al. (2008), study used the Ross-Macdonald model to apply hypothetical data to a medical ward. This model simulated the transmission of staphylococcal infection by contact from colonized hands of heath care workers. The aim was to evaluate the impact of imperfect hand hygiene on infection. The study concluded that hand hygiene was an effective control measure, but little benefit was found for high levels of hand washing (>50% norm). 40% compliance was found to be enough to prevent an outbreak. Borges, Rocha et al. (2012), provides recommendations on improving hygiene inside the hospitals by promoting routine observation and feedback to healthcare workers. They promote implementation of a campaign: (1) repeated monitoring of compliance, (2) performance competency, (3) education, (4) visual cues and compliance feedback. These procedures by hospital will have been highly cost effect/justified. Inamulhaq & Haq (2012) obs erved hand washing among medical and paramedical professional in clinics. These authors also felt that hand washing was valued as an intervention to prevent infection but was often skipped. They promote staff education/training and soap dispensing tools/washing station insertion. They also suggested that senior team member set an example for all staff on proper techniques. I feel that the articles by Borges et al. (2012) and Makic et al. (2013) well support hand washing initiatives we’ve found in research to be effective when implemented. As clinicians we find ourselves asking the â€Å"5 W’s† when we are faced with evidence that will drive our daily practice. They pull together the WHAT hand washing it, WHY we do it, WHEN and WHERE it should be done and by WHOM. The other four articles also support the findings but don’t have the complete package with all the elements need to support clinical compliance. The article Borges et al. (2012) had the best research design of all five. It was a quantitative research study with meta-analysis synthesis over a 12 month period. It has well-defined hypotheses that the 2 observers were aware  prior to the start of the data collection period. The method of data collection was observation only. The sample size was large enough (52 sessions and 119 opportunities) to provide statistical significant data for an effective conclusion to be made. As I compare these five articles with the national guidelines review they all have the same element that hand washing is essential to the reduction of infection. The national guideline encouraged cleaning of patient environments, health care education, cueing for compliance, competency monitoring and documentation surrounding staff training. Conclusion Evidence-based nursing practice is essential to the delivery of high-quality care that optimizes patients’ outcomes. Hand hygiene is one self-care practice that can go a long way in keeping many ailments at bay for both the healthcare worker and the patient. Healthcare workers should work relentlessly in promoting the self-care practices, holding their peers accountable if they aren’t compliant and hardwiring this practice into daily operations. This is a simple task that has some many benefits. As me move forward with federal reimbursement, healthcare organizations will see a decline in their reimbursement for care if patient get infections while hospitalized. So it all starts with us as healthcare workers to break the mode and start setting a good example by adhering to these simple hygienic practices of hand washing. References Beggs, C.B, Sheperd, S. Kerr, K (2008). Increasing the frequency of hand washing by healthcare workers does not lead to commensurate reductions in staphylococcal infection in hospital ward. BMC Infectious Diseases; 8(114) Hiremath RN, Kotwal A, Kunte R, Hiremath SV, Venkatesh (2012). Hand Washing with Soap: The Most Effective â€Å"Do-It-Yourself† Vaccine? Natl J Community Med; 3(3):551-4 Lizandra Ferreira de Almeida e Borges, Lilian Alves Rocha, Maria Jose Nunes & Paulo Pino Gontijo Filho. (2012). Low Compliance to Handwashing Program and High Nosocomial Infection in a Brazilian Hospital. Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Infectious Disease; Article 579781, 5 pages Makic RN, Martin, RN, Burns, RRT, Philbrick, RN & Rauen, RN (2013). Putting Evidence Into Nursing Practice: Four Traditional Practices Not Supported by Evidence. Critical Care Nurse; 33(2):28-43 Mirza Inamulhaq, Azis S.A., Haq S.M. (2012). Role of Hand Washing in Prevention of Communicable Diseases and Practices Adopted in Private Clinics. Canadian Journal of Applied Sciences; 2(1): 196-201

Positive Risk Taking Essay

Explain ways in which risk is an integral part of everyday life, Risk for most people is an accepted part of everyday life e.g. catching a bus or walking to the shop etc†¦ will carry some element of risk. Risk is associated with our health, safety, security, well being, employment, education, daily activities, using resources and equipment and community participation. Some adults such as those who are disabled or who are older are usually discouraged from taking risks with their budgeting, planning, employment and their daily living skills usually because people fear for their limitations or that they might hurt themselves or others. Everyone has the right to take risks and make decisions about their own lives, a balance should be found between service users participation in everyday activities and the carers duty of care. Social care and health policies are encouraging residents to increase their independence by being involved in the wider society such as leisure and work. It should be noted that it is impossible to eliminate risk completely , however minimising and being prepared for risk by preventative action. Supporting people to live independently by taking part of their lives means accepting that there are risks that cant be avoided but can be prepared for. Explain why individuals may have been discouraged or prevented from taking risks, see more:explain ways in which risk is an integral part of everyday life For some services, approaches to risk have been a problem because they have been concerned with avoiding potentially harmful situations for the service user and staff. People need to take risk to achieve things on their own merit, but there are people who should support them but will discourage them from taking risks because of perceived perceptions of the persons limitations. Risk taking can have benefits for the individual as it will enable them to do things most people take for granted. Risk is beneficial, balancing levels or protection and preserving levels of choice and control. A balance will need to be achieved between the wishes of the individual and the law duty of care. Described the links between risk taking and responsibilities, empowerment and social inclusion, Personalised care is a right for everyone, however some people will need more support than others in helping to make choices of their own lives. Effective personalisation of care comes the need to manage risk for people to make decisions as safely as humanly possible. Making risks clear and understood is crucial to empowering residents and the carers, risk management does not eliminate risks. managing risk to maximise peoples choice and control of their own lives. If the outcomes are part of the support plan and all risks have been discussed and understood, this will lead to real choice and control and will offer a better quality of life for the individual. Positive risk taking will help the resident to gain self confidence, develop new skills knowledge and hopefully allow them take an active part within their community so that they don’t feel included. Explain the process of developing a positive person centered approach to risk assessment, The person centered approach will focus on the individuals rights to choose their own lifestyle, even if that includes making bad decisions. A person centered approach is about helping people and those involved, think in a positive way to achieve the changes they want whilst keeping risk at bay. Risk management is about finding the balance been positive risk taking based on autonomy and independence and a policy of protection for the person and the community based on reducing harm. Its been stated that for a positive person centered approach to a risk assessment should consist of the following, involvement of the service user and relatives in the risk assessment, positive and informed risk taking, proportionality, contextualising behavior, defensible decision making, a learning culture and tolerable risks. Explain how to apply the principles and method of a person centered approach to each of the different stages of the process of risk assessment, Working in a personalised way and developing a positive person centered approach means to know that risks cannot be avoided but however can be prepared for. Reasonable risk is about balancing empowering people who need help to make their own decisions, once they have all the information, that is tailored to their needs so that they make their best decisions. Involvement of service users and relatives in risk assessment, to involve the resident, nearest and dearest is one of the most important parts of the person centered approach. The people involved with the resident will help gather information in framing of what the risk actually is, in thinking, generating ideas and solutions, by evaluating the solutions, in decisions making around the risk, in implementing the actions and by the learning that takes place during these actions. Staff must make note of the residents and others wants, their views on their owns risk and what responsibilities each person has in managing their own risk effectively. The person Centered Approach will meet this by asking for a clear picture of what the person is wanting to achieve, why it is important, what the outcome would look like, a history of the risk, the decision making agreement tools to look at staff roles and responsibilities and who will be responsible for the different decisions relating to the r isk. Positive and informed risk raking, This particular process is formed around the positive view of the person. This process is based on finding creative solutions rather than just saying no. Informed and positive risk taking is about quality of life being lived to the full whilst people in the community are kept safe, by meeting what is important to them, how they would keep themselves and others safe. Remember that positive and informed risk taking needs to touch on what the law says and allows i.e. legislation within The Human Rights Act. Proportionality, The management of risk must match the potential harm that could be caused. Using a person centered approach means flexibility. The more serious the task the more time you would consider it in greater detail. Centered approach looks at the consequences of not doing the task that could have potential risks for the resident, family member etc†¦ and being able to balance against the consequences that could happen of taking the risk. Contextualising Behavior, asks why did the person behaved in a certain way? at this time? in this situation? Part of this process involves getting information regarding previous information about the person, including the history of the resident of the risk they are wanting to undertake from their own perspective, historical data from a variety of sources to look at what has worked in particular situations, and communication charts will help with a persons words and behaviors, seeking their meaning and what the best response should be. This will help to get a understanding of the persons behavior in different context, but also to build a picture of what has been learned about how to best support the resident. Defensible Decision making, Following the person centered approach generates a clear trail of written and recorded records of what has been discussed, the different perspectives, the problems and solutions that have been considered, alongside any legal issues, such as the Human rights act or that of the mental health act that could effect the risk decision. All paperwork generated during the process provides a clear rationale for the decisions that will emerge during the processes that have been taken, and why other options have been declined. The rationale for decision making is also more clearly expounded and recorded than in traditional risk assessment forms in common usage. A learning Culture, The positive and productive approach to risk has a deep emphasis within its on going learning, using learning and reflective tools such as questions such as whats working? whats not working etc†¦ by defining staff their core duties and their own judgement and creativity in relation to the risk. Tolerable Risks is a key aspect for the Person Centred Approach in using this process it enables participants to have a more balanced and rational approach to risk, finding ways to enable the person to achieve what is important to them while considering what keeps that person and the community safe in a way the individual understands. Explain how a service focused approach to risk assessment would differ from a person centred approach A risk assessment only identifies the probability of harm, assess the impact on the individual, and interventions that will help to diminish the risk or to reduce the harm. Assessments cannot prevent risk. Risk is a normal and enables learning and understanding. Risk assessments are full of charts and scoring systems. A service focused approach seeks to avoid all risks. Risk assessments have no flexibility and is not a responsive approach to meet peoples changing circumstances. A service centred approach to risk assessment would be guided by a standard procedure and can compromise individuals rights to make choices and take risks. A person centred approach to risk taking will find the balance between what is important to the person, their aspirations and the supports that they require. Identify the consequences for individuals of a service focused approach to risk-assessment. Risk taking will usually often have positive benefits for individuals, enabling them to do things that most will take for granted. The problem with a service focused approach to risk assessment, is that it reduces the individual’s independence which in turn could reduce the positive benefits for the individual in question. A service focused approach to risk taking usually tends to have a negative focus on what the individual is not able to do or what they cannot achieve and has a limited outlook on identifying the benefits of positive, person-centred risk assessment. It does not empower the individual or encourage independence. Explain how legislation, national and local policies and guidance provide a framework for decision making which can support an individual to have control over their own lives, There are many different legislations and policies in place to promote human rights, in relation to support the individuals right to make up his or her own mind and to take risk. The equality Act 2010, is a law that bans any unfair treatment and help to get equal opportunities in the workplace and society. This Act covers nine protected characteristics, which cannot be used as a reason to treat people unfairly they are, Age Disability gender reassignment marriage and civil partnership pregnancy and maternity race religion or belief sex sexual orientation The Human rights Act 1998, This Act states that are able to seek help from courts if their Human rights have been infringed. The Human Right Act guarantees the following rights; The Right to life The right to freedom from torture and inhuman or degrading punishment The right to freedom from slavery, servitude and forced or compulsory labour The right to liberty and security of person The right to a fair and public trial within a reasonable time The right to freedom from retrospective criminal law and no punishment without law The right to respect for private and family life, home and correspondence The right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion The right to freedom of expression The right to freedom of assembly and association The right to marry and found a family The prohibition of discrimination in the enjoyment of convention rights The right to peaceful enjoyment of possessions and protection of property The right to access to an education The right to free elections The right not to be subjected to the death penalty Mental Capacity Act 2005, is to promote and safeguard decision making within a legal framework. It does this in two ways: By empowering people to make decisions for themselves wherever possible and by protecting people who lack capacity by providing a flexible framework that allows them to be part of the decision making process By allowing people to plan ahead for a time in the future when they might lack the capacity for any number of reasons Mental Health Act 2007 – amends the Mental Health Act 1983 and the Mental Capacity Act 2005. It introduces significant changes which include: Introduction of Supervised Community Treatment. This replaced supervised discharge with a power to return the patient to hospital, where the person may be forcibly medicated, if the medication regime is not being complied with in the community. Redefining professional roles: broadening the range of mental health professionals who can be responsible for the treatment of patients without their consent. Nearest relative: making it possible for some patients to appoint a civil partner as nearest relative. Definition of mental disorder: introduce a new definition of mental disorder throughout the Act. Criteria for Involuntary commitment: introduce a requirement that someone cannot be detained for treatment unless appropriate treatment is available. Introduction of independent mental health advocates for qualifying patients. Safeguarding Vulnerable Groups Act 2006 This act is intended to prevent unsuitable people from working with vulnerable people and to reform current vetting and barring practices. The act sets out a legal framework for the Independent Safeguarding Authority. Valuing People (Department of Health, 2001) This states the importance of Person Centred Planning can play in helping people with learning difficulties take charge of their own lives. The Guidance (Department of Health, 2002) stressed that Person Centred Planning is not a professional activity done to people; instead people themselves and their friends, families or other allies, must lead it. Putting People First, stated that person centred planning must become mainstream. Putting People First recognises that person-centred planning and self-directed support are central to delivering personalisation and maximising choice and control. It recognises that to achieve real change, users and carers must participate at every stage. These areas are: universal services – transport, leisure, health, education, housing and access to information and advice; choice and control – shaping services to meet people’s needs, rather than shaping people to fit in with the services on offer; social capital – care and support that individuals and their carers can get from their local community (friends, family, neighbours or community groups); and early intervention and prevention – support that is available for people who need help to stay independent for as long as possible, to keep their home or garden tidy, or to start taking regular exercise. Describe how a human rights based approach supports an individual to make decisions and take risks; A human rights based approach to risk management means to make sure individuals know their rights and that they are being supported to participate in making their own choices and decisions. A human rights based approach to risk assessment will balance the human rights of service users, carers, and other members of their communities. This is done so risks can be managed more positively and effectively. A human rights based approach looks at risk with ‘Human Rights’ in mind, it identifies the relevant equality and diversity issues, and maximises service user participation and empowerment. A human rights based approach to risk, means ensuring service users are as involved as they can possibly be in their own risk assessment process. support an individual to recognise potential risk in different areas of their life, and support the individual to balance choices with their own and others’ health, safety and Wellbeing; Positive risk taking is the process which will identify the potential benefit or harm. Positive Risk taking is to encourage and support people in positive risk taking so that they can achieve personal change or growth. Risks can be in many different areas of their life including, risks relating to their own health, their social life and also their finances and it is important to support the individual to recognise all of these potential risks. The risk assessment looks at four areas of risk; risks to self, risks to others and risks from other and risks to property. It is important that whilst improving on their quality of life they need to maintain their safety, responsibilities to themselves and others. Supporting an individual to recognise potential risks whilst balancing the choices with their own and others health, safety and well-being involves: Empowering people to access opportunities and take worthwhile chances. Understanding the person’s perspective of what they will gain from taking risks and understanding what they will lose if they are not allowed to take the risk. Ensuring the individual understanding the consequences of different actions to understand what the reasonably expected consequences may be of making that choice. Helping the individual to make decisions based on all the choices available and accurate information. Being positive about risk taking. Understanding a person’s strengths and finding creative ways for people to be able to do things rather than ruling them out. Knowing what has worked or not in the past and where problems have arisen, understanding why supporting people who use services to learn from their experiences. ensuring support and advocacy is available sometimes supporting short term risks for long-term gains. ensuring that services provided promote independence not dependence assuming that people can make their own decisions (in line with the Mental Capacity Act) and supporting people to do so working in partnership with adults who use services, family carers and advocates and recognise their different perspectives and views developing an understanding of the responsibilities of each party promoting trusting working relationships. Describe how own values, belief systems and experiences may affect working practice when supporting an individual to take risks Encouraging risk taking can put people in a difficult position as trying to balance someones own personalisation through risk taking with your own values and beliefs and the duty to keep people safe. Peoples past experiences may make them feel that the risks involved, will result in problems, however they should not let this interfere with the individual’s wishes. At some point everyone will have had a bad experience following a course of action this does not necessarily mean this will happen to other people. Your beliefs and experiences should not cloud the issue. It is key that you feel confident and equipped to support people to assess and evaluate their own risks. Advice is readily available when facing difficult cases in the form of risk enablement panels. Record all discussions and decisions made relating to supporting the individual to take risks, It is very important to ensure that all discussions and decisions made relating to supporting the individual to take risks are recorded within their support plan. Records will need to be eligible and understandable to all the members that work with the individual. The aim of record keeping is to ensure that the right people have the right information at the right time to provide the best care for the person in question. Recording information will provide a record of what has been discussed and decided in regards of risk taking. The records should also record any incidents which have taken place. The reason for keeping the records are: To show that you have offered the individual choices To show that you have agreed the desired outcomes To show that the individual has given their consent. complete a risk assessment with an individual following agreed ways of working, Risk assessment is the activity of collecting information through observation, communication and investigation. It is an ongoing process that involves considerable persistence and skill to assemble and manage relevant information in ways that become meaningful for the users of services (and significant other people) as well as the practitioners involved in delivering services and support. An effective risk assessment will need the person in question, their families, carers, advocates and practitioners to speak with one another to decide on decision and course of action. communicate the content of the risk assessment to others It is important to communicate and work in a consistent way with all those whom are supporting the individual. Gathering information and sharing is important. It is not just an essential part of risk assessment and management, but also key in identifying risks. Its important to communicate the relevant information of the risk assessment to all relevant staff. It will also be important to discuss and explain the risk assessment with the individual’s carer and family, so that they are kept in the loop. The individual’s goals and targets should be discussed too, so that they can aid understanding regarding the risk assessment and to ensure all those involved are aware of the desired outcomes. support the individual to take the risk for which the assessment has been completed; One way of supporting the individual to take the risk, could involve having a trial run. An example could be where the individual wants to make an independent trip in to town using public transport. On the first trip you could accompany the individual on each step of the journey. On the second trip, you could accompany them to the town and then arrange to meet with them later in the day. On the third trip, you may just accompany them to the bus stop. Gradually you can reduce the amount of support you provide. It is also important that the individual knows what to do if things do go wrong. You can support them to take risks by ensuring they have clear information and advice about what to do if they have any concerns. Review and revise the risk assessment with the individual; After each risk assessment has been agreed it will be important that to monitor and review in case any revisions are necessary. Risks may change as circumstances change, so they should be reviewed regularly. Risk assessments should be reviewed periodically and whenever circumstances change to ensure they remain current. i.e. Resident Baths on the own accord, but due to a fall now need assistance getting in and out of the bath. evaluate with the individual how taking the identified risk has contributed to their well-being. Well-being describes the way we think and feel about ourselves and others, our confidence, and our ability to control things in our life. When evaluating you will need to speak, with the individual, how taking the identified risks has helped their well-being and their quality of life. This will involve looking at the positive /negative consequences and outcomes of their choices they have made. Looking at whether taking the risks have met the individual’s needs and achieved their desired outcome. Taking an identified risk will hopefully make the individual feel empowered and to have a greater feel of independence, control and normality. In supporting the individual to take positive risks, it should help them to evaluate other courses of action and can build confidence. The experience of failure, as a result of risk taking in a safe environment, can help to manage the identified risk better in the future. explain how the principle of duty of care can be maintained while supporting individuals to take risks, Everyone has a duty of care and a responsibility not to agree to a support plan if there are any serious concerns that it will not meet the individual’s needs or if it places an individual in a dangerous situation. Whilst an individual can choose to live with a level of risk and is allowed to do so through law, the local authority does not have to fund it. When you support individuals so that they can have more choice and control within their lives through positive risk taking, things may go wrong from time to time. A defensible decision is one where those involved in the risk assessing process: Used reliable assessment methods Acted responsibly in relation to their duty of care Were not negligent Assessed and took steps to manage and minimise foreseeable risks Recorded decisions and subsequently checked they were carried out Followed policies, procedures and guidance Involved the person and other relevant people in the process Supported people to make informed decisions Identification of positive and negative risks Involvement of people who use services and those who are important to them – this includes people who form the individual’s informal ‘circle of support’, who are involved from the beginning to gather information, define what the risks are from the individual’s point of view and to discuss ways to enable and manage these risks. Positive and informed risk-taking – this is built on a strengths-based approach to the person and looks at creative ways for people to be able to do things rather than ruling them out. Proportionality – this means that the time and effort spent on managing a risk should match the severity of that risk. The approach should also explore the consequence of not taking the risk in question, such as loss of autonomy or restriction of choice. Contextualising behaviour – this means knowing about the person’s history and social environment, their previous experience of risk, what has and has not worked in previous situations. Defensible decision making – this means recording a clear rationale for all the decisions made and the discussions that led to the decisions, including reference to relevant legislation such as the Mental Capacity Act or the Human Rights Act. A learning culture – this require a commitment to ongoing learning and the use of reflective practice for people working at the frontline. Tolerable risks – this involves negotiating and balancing issues of risk and safety to identify what is acceptable for everyone concerned (the individual and others including the community) on a case by case basis. Describe what action to take if an individual decides to take an unplanned risk that places him/herself or others in immediate or imminent danger, When looking after someone if you believe that he or she is about to take an unplanned risk which could potentially place them or others in immediate or imminent danger it is very important to take appropriate corrective and preventative action and stop the activity immediately. Risk assessments should include contingency plans that address risks from unplanned events. Physical intervention may only be the course of action. Staff should be trained with a range of skills to deal with any potentially violent situations, as well as a range of restraint techniques that will help them use the minimum level of force possible. Physical intervention is only used in response to challenging behaviour.

The Roman Republic and Its Government

The Roman Republic and Its Government The Roman Republic began in  509 B.C. when the Romans expelled the Etruscan kings and set up their own government. Having witnessed the problems of the monarchy on their own land, and aristocracy and democracy among the Greeks, they opted for a mixed form of government, with three branches. This innovation became known as a republican system. The strength of the republic is the system of checks and balances, which aims to find a consensus between the desires of the various branches of government. The Roman Constitution outlined these checks and balances, but in an informal way. Most of the constitution was unwritten and laws were upheld by precedent. The Republic lasted 450 years until the territorial gains of the Roman civilization stretched its governance to the limit. A series of strong rulers called Emperors emerged with Julius Caesar in 44 B.C., and their reorganization of the Roman form of government ushered in the Imperial period. Branches of Roman Republican Government Consuls: Two consuls with supreme civil and military authority held the highest office in Republican Rome. Their power, which was shared equally and which lasted only one year, was reminiscent of the monarchial power of the king. Each consul could veto the other, they led the army, served as judges, and had religious duties. At first, the consuls were patricians, from famous families. Later laws encouraged plebeians to campaign for the consulship; eventually one of the consuls had to be a plebeian. After a term as consul, a Roman man joined the Senate for life. After 10 years, he could campaign for consulship again. The Senate: While the consuls had executive authority, it was expected that they would follow the advice of Rome’s elders. The Senate (senatus council of elders) predated the Republic, having been founded in the Eighth Century B.C. It was an advisory branch, initially composed of about 300 patricians who served for life. The ranks of the Senate were drawn from ex-consuls and other officers, who also had to be landowners. Plebeians were eventually admitted to the Senate as well. The primary focus of the Senate was Rome’s foreign policy, but they had great jurisdiction in civil affairs as well, as the Senate controlled the treasury. The Assemblies: The most democratic branch of the Roman Republican form of government were the assemblies. These large bodies - there were four of them - made some voting power available to many Roman citizens (but not all, as those who lived in the outreaches of the provinces still lacked meaningful representation). The Assembly of Centuries (comitia centuriata), was composed of all members of the army, and it elected consuls annually. The Assembly of Tribes (comitia tributa), which contained all citizens, approved or rejected laws and decided issues of war and peace.The Comitia Curiata was composed of 30 local groups, and was elected by the Centuriata, and served mostly a symbolic purpose for Rome’s founding families. The Concilium Plebis represented the plebeians.

Reflection Essay Example

Reflection Essay Example Reflection Essay Reflection Essay My brother Each got a remote control car and my sister Hannah got a new Barbie doll. My mother looked at me and said, Ruttier, why arent you opening a gift? I replied, l dont see the gift I want. My mother didnt really like that answer, but I knew I was getting a bike. I had outgrown my old bike. It was very tiny and still had training wheels. There was Just that feeling inside of me and I knew I was getting a new bike. I went off to bed forcing myself to fall asleep so it would be morning faster. When I woke up, I was the first one up like every year. I ran down the steps and there it was; my brand new blue Huffy bike with no training wheels. I had a smile on me from ear to ear. I started riding it around the house and rang the bell it had on it. Everyone woke up and came downstairs. We all opened the rest of our gifts and I Just couldnt wait until all the snow melted so I could ride my bike. My brother has always been my hero. He was my first best friend. He never really got mad at me as a child when I broke his toys or played with them. He would take the time to show me how to play with them and what not to do with them. He has always been there for me and that is why to this day he is still my hero. He was there when my father taught me how to ride a bike. I will always treasure that moment. My brother was the one who encouraged me to take off my training wheels. Best decision of my life. Spring came and I was outside all the time riding my new bike. I only had to go to school in the morning since I was only in kindergarten at the time. I had so much time to ride my bike and practice for the race. My brother and his friends had these little bike races around the block. With my brother being my hero, so I would gag along with him and his friends all the time. They never me let race with them because I was Just a little girl. They didnt want me to get hurt, or anything. Those fools, I always thought. I could beat any one of them if they would Just let me race. So, everyday I was outside riding around my block faster and faster. I always Just kept pushing myself a little harder everyday. I would watch them to see how fast they would go and see if I was faster. I knew I was faster than at least half of them. One day, I finally said something. I went up to my brother and said, Each, I want o race with you guys. They all looked at me and laughed. But I knew I could do it. I wrote on my sidewalk with chalk. So I figured I would Just work my way to the top. My brother is two years older than me so you have to keep in mind that Im Just a little girl trying to be with the big boys. Anywayay, Jimmy had a scared look on his face. I looked back at him with a smile. My brother looked around at all his friends and said, If you want to race you have to beat Jarred. Jarred was ranked number one, and he was pretty fast, but I said I would do it. So we all got lined up and my brother Todd in the middle of us and said, ready, set, go! I remember taking off so quickly. Going around the first corner, I almost fell. I remember the rush I had in my body. The wind was Just rushing through my hair and I kept thinking, miss, yes Im going so fast. All the practice I had done was finally going to payoff. When we got back to the last corner, I thought, This was it Im going to do it. I really am. Jarred beat me. Not by a lot, but he beat me. I was mad and frustrated I threw my bike to the ground. Then Jarred came up to me and said, Wow Ruttier you are pretty fast. You can race with us anytime. I was happy then. I finally got what I wanted, and then I didnt want it. I thought it was more fun riding around the block by myself. That way nobody would laugh at me if I fell down. The feeling of going fast was all I really wanted anyway. After that race my brother and his friends never really complained that I hung around them too much and needed to go play Barbies with girls. It was always fun watching them race. The best feeling was knowing that I fit in with them and my brother not thinking it was lame that his little sister was hanging around him.

Writing Tips How to Punctuate Brackets

Writing Tips How to Punctuate Brackets Writing Tips: How to Punctuate Brackets Brackets (or parentheses) are a useful type of punctuation. However, it can be hard to know where to put other punctuation marks when a sentence contains brackets. So how does this work? Check out our advice on how to punctuate brackets for more information. Full Stops: Inside or Outside? We’re often asked whether to place periods inside or outside closing brackets. But this depends on the situation. As a rule, you should: Place periods inside brackets when an entire sentence is parenthetical. Place periods outside closing brackets in all other cases. So when bracketed text is part of a longer sentence, the full stop goes after the closing bracket: The cake looks great (and tastes even better). âÅ"“ The cake looks great (and tastes even better.) âÅ"â€" And when a whole sentence is parenthetical, the full stop goes inside the closing bracket: I ate the whole cake. (And now I am full.) âÅ"“ I ate the whole cake. (And now I am full). âÅ"â€" Brackets and Commas When it comes to comma placement and brackets, there are two main rules: You will almost never need a comma before an opening bracket. You only need a comma after a closing bracket at the end of a clause. As such, you only need a comma after a closing bracket if the sentence would contain one anyway. And this means we can check whether a comma is correct by removing the bracketed text. For example, below we have one correct and one incorrect comma: We’re going to the zoo tomorrow (Tuesday), which will be nice. âÅ"“ Big cats (e.g., lions and tigers), are predators. âÅ"â€" And if we remove the bracketed text, we can see why the second is wrong: We’re going to the zoo tomorrow, which will be nice. âÅ"“ Big cats, are predators. âÅ"â€" We do not need a comma between â€Å"cats† and â€Å"are† here. And since this sentence does not need a comma, it doesn’t need one when we add the bracketed text either. Exclamation Points and Question Marks Finally, we’ll look at exclamation points and question marks. Like periods, these are forms of terminal punctuation, so they usually indicate the end of a sentence. However, unlike periods, you can use an exclamation point or a question mark within brackets mid-sentence. For instance: The man (what was his name?) left a note. âÅ"“ Here, we use a question mark to show the bracketed text is a question. It’s worth noting here that the punctuation inside brackets does not affect the rest of the sentence. And as such, when a sentence ends with bracketed text that includes an exclamation point or a question mark, we still need to add a period after the closing bracket. For example: I was not invited (and I am furious!). âÅ"“ I was not invited (and I am furious!) âÅ"â€" Summary: How to Punctuate Brackets It can be tricky to know where to put punctuation in a sentence that includes brackets. However, we have a few simple guidelines to follow that will help ensure your written work is error free: Always place periods outside closing brackets unless the entire sentence is parenthetical, in which case the full stop goes inside. Only use a comma after a closing bracket at the end of a clause. Use question marks and exclamation points inside brackets as required. However, don’t forget to add a period after the closing bracket. And if you’d like more help with your punctuation, you can always get your work proofread by the experts.

Latin Christian and Russian Orthodox Traditions Term Paper

Latin Christian and Russian Orthodox Traditions - Term Paper Example Rivalry between the Roman popes and the patriarchs of Constantinople for leadership in the Christian world initiated the split of the Christian Church.  Ã‚  The Latin Christian church was formed finally in 1054. Historically, Orthodoxy presents the eastern branch of Christianity.  It is distributed mainly in Eastern Europe, Middle East and the Balkans.  First, the name "Orthodox" (from Greek) appeared in II century.  Ã‚  The Orthodox Christianity did not have a single church center. Ecclesiastical power was concentrated in the hands of four patriarchs.  With the collapse of the Byzantine Empire, each of the patriarchs headed an independent (autocephalous) Orthodox Church. Prince of Kiev, Vladimir Svyatoslavovych, established Orthodoxy as a state religion in Russia.  On his orders, Byzantine clergy baptized people in the capital of Ancient Russia, Kiev, in 988. Both Christian communities accept the basic Christian doctrine and sacramental. Religious life includes magnifice nt church services, the worship of many saints and holy relics.  The confession of the Trinity: Father, Son and Holy Spirit, and the worship of Christ, the Savior, who suffered, died, resurrected from the dead and ascended into heaven is the gospel truth for any believer of the Christian communities. It is the same regarding the acceptance of the doctrines, such as: Mary is the Mother of God  as Christ is God incarnate; the Bible is the inspired word of God; the Holy Spirit dwells in the Church and guides it through the ages; Mary, being Mother of God, is the greatest of the saints. Both Churches profess seven sacraments: Baptism, Confirmation/ Chrismation, Eucharist, Holy Orders, Matrimony, Anointing of the Sick. Nevertheless, along with similarities, there are some differences in the main creeds, cults, and organization of the Latin and the Orthodox Christian Churches. The most significant differences are that the Latin Christians  accept the Bishop of Rome as the spiritual leader of the Church, while the  Orthodox  look to the Patriarch of Constantinople, but only as "First Among Equals" rather than as a pope. The Latin Church  holds that the Holy Spirit proceeds from both Father and Son whilst  Orthodoxy teaches that the Spirit proceeds only from the Father.  Latin Christians  state that Mary was full of grace (sinless) from conception whilst  Orthodox Church  would tend to say that she entered this state only after accepting God's wish that she become Theotokos (Mother of God). Latin Christianity  tends to be prescriptive whilst  Orthodoxy  is mystical, however, both believe in the Real Presence of Christ in the Eucharist. Married men may be ordained as  Orthodox priests (but not bishops) whilst in  Latin Christianity  only single men may be ordained. The style of worship in Orthodoxy is more elaborate. Regardless of the existing theological and non-theological differences, both Christian confessions consider sacramental rituals, the cult of saints, icons and relics a priority. Moreover, the concept of  saints  is common to all branches of Christianity. The Apostle's Creed affirmed by all Christian denominations, states belief in the "communion of saints." In Christian doctrine, the term "saints" refers to all deceased persons who are now in heaven. Saints are special group of holy people, who are

Israel-Palestine Conflict and the Role of Egypt Essay

Israel-Palestine Conflict and the Role of Egypt - Essay Example The Israel-Palestinian conflict is one of the most important issues in the international politics and various efforts have been initiated by United Nations and various countries to resolve the issue and bring about a compromise between the two parties of the conflict but none of the efforts has been able to achieve success (Harms and Ferry). There are many other issues related to the conflict which include the economic failure of the Palestinian authority and the deplorable condition the Arabs in the region, the terrorist activities of the Islamic extremist, violation of international laws by both parties of the conflict and the human rights violations in the region. The conflict has gained extraordinary importance because of the fact that Jerusalem is the sacred city of the three major religious communities of the world; Christians, Jews and Muslims and due to the dismal security situation of the region, a large number of pilgrims are not allowed to visit their holy places. Both par ties of the conflict are not willing to show any type of flexibility in their stances and thus a deadlock persists despite repeated international interventions and efforts. The most feasible solution presented by the United Nations and the international community is the establishment of two states in the region, a Palestinian State for the Arabs and an Israeli state for the Jews; majority of people in the region agree on this solution, however they have failed to come up with an acceptable partition plan. The acts of violence committed by the Palestinian armed groups and the Israeli army have also complicated the whole peace promotion process. Important international actors in the conflict include United Nations, United States, Russia and the Arab League particularly Egypt. The history of the Israel-Palestine conflict can be traced back to the end of the 19th century when the first Zionist Congress was held in Switzerland with the establishment of the World Zionist Organization. The Jews of the world aspired to return to Zion (Jerusalem) as part of their religion, and that is why in the latter half of the 19th century the Jews started to organize themselves and started to strive for an independent Jewish homeland in the region of Palestine. The World Zionist Organization established a Jewish National Fund for encouraging the immigration of the Jews from various regions of the world to the Palestinian regions and large sums of money were spent on the purchase of land from the Ottoman rulers and later the from the British rulers. During that time, for the first time in history, Arab Nationalism also started to become popular among the Arabs of the world, particularly in this region. The Jews managed to buy large areas of land in the Palestinian regions and started to build the Jewish settlements and at the same time Jews from all over the world were encouraged to migrate to the Palestinian regions in the newly constructed settlements. During the beginning the mi nor conflicts stirred up because of the accidental killings by the Jews and Arabs in the regions, however the Arabs soon became aware of the Zionist ambitions of the Jews, particularly the peasants and farmers of the lands where the Jews have started to build settlements. These farmers, known as fellaheen felt dispossessed of their lands and started to protest before the Ottoman leaders about the increasing Jewish settlements

An Age of Cross-Cultural Interaction Research Paper

An Age of Cross-Cultural Interaction - Research Paper Example History experts refer to this particular epoch as the age of cross-cultural communication because of the establishment trans-regional nomadic empires (Nystrom 569). According to them, the cross-cultural interactions were significantly different in dynamics from those of the earlier post-classical era. Historical records show that Nomadic people established empires that occupied vast coverage of the Eurasian land, thus sponsoring the direct interactions of distant peoples. In the 11th century, the Saljuq Turks established an empire extending from Anatolia and Southwest Asia into Central Asia. At around the same period, the Khitan people built a huge empire in the West and North steppe lands of China. The twelfth century saw the conquest of the Khitan people by the Jurchen, a semi nomadic group that came from Manchuria. Consequently, the Jurchen incorporated the entire north china into their empire (GMU). The most important development of the period occurred in the 13th century, when t he Mongols with the help of their allies conquered most of the Eurasia, thus establishing the largest empire in the history of humans. The new empire stretched from Manchuria, China, and Korean on the eastern side to the Danube and Russia in the west. Despite the collapse of their Chinese Yuan dynasty, the Mongols still played an integral part in Central Asia. The period between the fourteenth and sixteenth century, the Timurid conquerors established a vast empire in India, Anatolia, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia (Bentley and Ziegler 565). These conquests, empire building efforts, and migrations of nomadic people facilitated the cross-cultural interactions to occur in a systematic and intensive fashion than earlier eras. In the case of the Mongols foe instance, the establishment of an enormous, trans-regional empire ensured the direct interaction of people from distant lands as Europe and China (Crossley 120). It was important for the majority of nomad communities to have their e mpires in Central Asia, as the region played an integral part in the overland trade between points west and China. The establishment of nomad empires and their strong interest in trade ensured that the trade transaction in the terrestrial silk roads became safer than in previous history, thus rising in volume (Adas 20). At the same time, the trade over the sea-lane also increased, driving the Indian Ocean basin towards economic integration. In summary, the age on nomadic empires sustained a systematic and well-articulated nature of long distance trade. The imperial expansion, long distance trade, and mass migration were very important in sustaining the cross-cultural interactions between 1000 and 1500 C.E than in earlier eras. The main difference was that by the fourteenth century, the interactions had become intense, regular, systematic, and frequent than in past eras. Missionaries and ambassadors traveled through the trade routes along merchants and soldiers. At the same period, t here were widespread establishment of religious missions and diplomatic contacts over long distances not travelled before. Islamic merchants were very essential in the establishment of a strong foundation of their faith at the eastern hemisphere extreme ends, West Africa, and Southeast Asia. At about the same time, the conquerors managed to establish Islamic communities in Anatolia and northern India (Bentley 764). The most significant cross-cultural in

Supply Chain Design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Supply Chain Design - Essay Example All of these themes can be of paramount importance to augmenting supply chain design for most businesses in today’s competitive environment. Internet and IT Technology has expanded world over enormously and it goes without doubt that its use is must for designing an effective supply chain in numerous products and services. For example, Solectron uses ‘Agile software’ to access numerous suppliers online for pricing and availability of supplies. This resulted into reduction of cycle time while introducing new product to its customers (Lee). Companies such as Dell, Adaptec, Cisco, Zara (Global Stretch), and numerous others have used the internet to make their supply chain management most effective. Cisco has created an e-Hub that links multiple suppliers via the internet to meet needs of the market and make supply chain more efficient (Lee). The companies expand their sourcing opportunities and reduce their inventory holding between supply chain partners. In fact, the internet has replaced the traditional model of supply chain management with more efficient and effective supply chain design making the use of IT technologies (Lee). Southwest Airlines has been able to manage its profitability during difficult times of post 2008 recession through i2 technologies deployed for supply chain management. The company has been able to increase its service levels to 95 percent and excess inventory of $30 million has been identified using i2 tools (SupplyChainBrain). Currently, companies are facing an increasingly difficult situation to provide customized products and services without any lapse of time and in this process, they have to see that there is no significant cost increase in their offerings. This is the theme on which companies have to design their supply chain to gain the competitive advantage. It is indeed a challenging task for companies! In usual sense, customization will

Smmary 5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Smmary 5 - Essay Example Researchers evaluated DNA methylation patterns of patients who were in various stages of lung adenocarcinoma. The study identified various significant DNA methylated genes of 72 in Stage I, 93 in Stage II, and 170 in Stage III. There were a set of 34 DNA methylated genes that were significant. The results showed a pattern of epigenetics throughout all stages and when analyzing the pathways, there was a correlation of the signaling and metabolic pathways of lung adenocarcinoma and epigenetics. Within this study, it was concluded that through the integration of epigenetic information of genes can be used to understand diseases and also to identify them. This could mean that the progression of cancer is also associated with genetic mutations. Epigenetic genes could play a major role in how cancer develops and the spread of it. This article discusses epigenetics and it relates closely to the article â€Å"Conserved Epigenomic Signals in Mice and Humans Reveal Immune Basis of Alzheimer’s Disease† (2015). Though the disease is different, it still shows that there is a correlation between epigenetics and possible diseases for which genes are already coded to cause these diseases. Also in this article, while research was conducted on mice, transcription and epigenetic changes were recorded while the animal was in different stages of the disease. The information that was presented fits with some of the information from prior readings because there seems to be an evident mutation that is functional within the genes which allows for researchers to predetermine whether or not a human’s DNA might be coded to have these diseases. It is fascinating to learn more about how it is possible that finding these mutated genes could possibly lead to the treatment of these various diseases in the future. It also makes one curious if all human cells are already coded through mutations and variations to see if someone is predisposed to also having certain

Oil Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Oil - Essay Example Recently, there has been growing awareness that oil reserves and the amount of fossil fuel oil available in the world are running out. Renewable and more environmental friendly sources of fuel are also being explored as alternatives for fossil fuel oil. The research and development of solar power, geothermal, hydro-electric and wind energy has been growing due to those concerns. There has also been research on more ecologically safe fuel such as biodiesel and ethanol fuel types mainly for vehicles. While this has been a slow development, this has been growing as a trend and movement. OPEC sees the development of such alternative measures for fuel as a threat to their economic objectives. Inviglio (2010) said that â€Å"every hybrid, plug-in, and electric vehicle sold means fewer gallons of oil burnt. Over the past few years, political pressures have been propping up the emerging market for autos that use little gasoline. But if the gas price remains low for too long, consumers may not embrace the new technology, because its just so expensive†. For OPEC to monitor the limited supply of oil, it would need to adjust its oil prices and allocation basing on the needs of its various consumers and how much supply is needed to be

Smmary 5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Smmary 5 - Essay Example Researchers evaluated DNA methylation patterns of patients who were in various stages of lung adenocarcinoma. The study identified various significant DNA methylated genes of 72 in Stage I, 93 in Stage II, and 170 in Stage III. There were a set of 34 DNA methylated genes that were significant. The results showed a pattern of epigenetics throughout all stages and when analyzing the pathways, there was a correlation of the signaling and metabolic pathways of lung adenocarcinoma and epigenetics. Within this study, it was concluded that through the integration of epigenetic information of genes can be used to understand diseases and also to identify them. This could mean that the progression of cancer is also associated with genetic mutations. Epigenetic genes could play a major role in how cancer develops and the spread of it. This article discusses epigenetics and it relates closely to the article â€Å"Conserved Epigenomic Signals in Mice and Humans Reveal Immune Basis of Alzheimer’s Disease† (2015). Though the disease is different, it still shows that there is a correlation between epigenetics and possible diseases for which genes are already coded to cause these diseases. Also in this article, while research was conducted on mice, transcription and epigenetic changes were recorded while the animal was in different stages of the disease. The information that was presented fits with some of the information from prior readings because there seems to be an evident mutation that is functional within the genes which allows for researchers to predetermine whether or not a human’s DNA might be coded to have these diseases. It is fascinating to learn more about how it is possible that finding these mutated genes could possibly lead to the treatment of these various diseases in the future. It also makes one curious if all human cells are already coded through mutations and variations to see if someone is predisposed to also having certain

The Impacts of Managerialism on Human Service in Hong Kong Essay

The Impacts of Managerialism on Human Service in Hong Kong - Essay Example The paper tells that the public sector adopted different strategies like quality audit, strategic management, quality assurance, internal audit, and performance pledges linking performance with outputs in order to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of working institutions in Hong Kong. For the past few years, the management system on human service in Hong Kong underwent unprecedented transitions due to the challenges presented by the worldwide tides of human resource management and market trends. Analytical suggestions depict that, these transitions have negatively affected the quality of human service management and given rise to the increasing consumerism as well as intense institutional competition. Worst of all, these changes have led to the diluted sense of commitment and purpose of employees towards their working ideas. With this sense, management on human service and marketing trends has presented advent opportunities for organizations to use these experiences and encoun ters to demonstrate how they can turn crises and threats in this sector to positive opportunities for development and growth. With reference to this journal, Hong Kong institutions can use good management positive perspectives to increase choices and opportunities to motivate human service, increase employee efficiency, enhance performance, generate additional resources for experimentation and innovation. It should be borne in mind that, as people must be cautious about the negative impacts of management on human service in Hong Kong, they must also conceive this as an opportunity to strengthen organizational capabilities of human service in order to revitalize the core values of good management and strive for social justice and betterment. A review of education and market reform in Hong Kong From the year 2009 to 2010, the government of Hong Kong had presented a review of implementing a new system of senior secondary education. This section will give a review of educational and soc ial service organizations reforms and discuss issues arising from good management approach incorporated in the reform. The growing impact of globalization affected educational development worldwide. Due to the need to maintain the countries’ competitiveness in the global marketplace, governments around the globe start reviewing their systems of education and policies and initiated different educational reforms in order to enhance the global capacity of their countries’ manpower and thus improve their competitiveness. Such reforms affected Hong Kong’s educational system due to economic rationalism and management. The economic rationalism focused on promoting productivity and growth of the economy and pursued greater efficiency as well as the development of a competitive production culture. On the other hand, the managerial approach focused on objectives of achieving maximum efficiency in educational reform by creating impacts of change that required the governmen t of Hong Kong to bear the costs of good management within the education sector.

It 210 Week 3 Checkpoint Tax Calculation Essay Example for Free

It 210 Week 3 Checkpoint Tax Calculation Essay NetSalary = GrossSalary – BaseTax – (GrossSalary – BaseSalary * AddlTax) If GrossSalary 0.00 1,500.00 Then BaseTax = 0.00 BaseSalary = 0.00 AddlTax = (Gross Salary – BaseSalary) * 0. 15 End if If GrossSalary 1,500.00 3,000.00 Then BaseTax = 225.00 BaseSalary = 1,500.00 AddlTax = (Gross Salary – BaseSalary) * 0.16 End if If GrossSalary 3,000.00 5,000.00 Then BaseTax = 465.00 BaseSalary = 3,000.00 AddlTax = (Gross Salary – BaseSalary) * 0.18 End if If GrossSalary 5,000.00 8,000.00 Then BaseTax = 825.00 BaseSalary = 5,000.00 AddlTax = (Gross Salary – BaseSalary) * 0.20 End if If GrossSalary 8,000.00 15,000.00 Then BaseTax = 1,425.00 BaseSalary = 8,000.00 AddlTax = (Gross Salary – BaseSalary) * 0.25 End if If GrossSalary 15,000.00 Then BaseTax = 1,425.00 BaseSalary = 8,000.00 AddlTax = (Gross Salary – BaseSalary) * 0..25 End if GrossSalary – BaseTax – (GrossSalary – BaseSalary * AddlTax) End CaclulateNetSalary Module DisplayGrossSalaryBaseTaxAddlTaxNetSalary Module Print â€Å"Employee Gross Pay, Tax and Net Pay Breakdown† Print â€Å"Gross Salary† GrossSalary Print â€Å"Base Tax† BaseTax Print â€Å"Additional Tax† AddlTax Print â€Å"Net Salary† * NetSalary End DisplayGrossSalaryBaseTaxAddlTaxNetSalary Module Test Values Input Expected Output Comments Salary = 0.00 Tax = 0.00 Lowest salary in salary range 1 Salary = -1,000.00 Error Message Out of range condition Salary = 1,000.00 Tax = 150.00 Midrange salary in salary range 1 Salary= 1,499.99 Tax = 225.00 Highest salary in salary range 1 Salary = 1,500.00 Tax = 225.00 Lowest salary in salary range 2 Salary = 2,250.00 Tax = 345.00 Midrange salary in salary range 2 Salary = 2,999.99 Tax = 465.00 Highest salary in salary range 2 Salary = 3,000.00 Tax = 465.00 Lowest salary in salary range 3 Salary = 4,000.00 Tax = 645.00 Midrange salary in salary range 3 Salary = 4,999.99 Tax = 825.00 Highest salary in salary range 3 Salary = 5,000.00 Tax = 825.00 Lowest salary in salary range 4 Salary = 6,500.00 Tax = 1,095.00 Midrange salary in salary range 4 Salary = 7,999.99 Tax = 1,425.00 Highest salary in salary range 4 Salary = 8,000.00 Tax = 1,425.00 Lowest salary in salary range 5 Salary = 11,500.00 Tax = 2,300.00 Midrange salary in salary range 5 Salary = 14,999.99 Tax = 3,175.00 Highest salary in salary range 5 Salary = 15,000.00 Tax = 3,175.00 Salary that exceeds the highest salary in salary range 5 by 0.01 Salary = 100,000.00 Tax = 24,425.00 Salary that exceeds the highest salary in salary range 5

COPs and their Disadvantages

COPs and their Disadvantages Manage the mutual relationship by fostering institutional cooperation and coordination. Such cooperation could take place simply through information exchanges between treaty bodies, or in a more ambitious form comprising joint planning of programmes or even the coordination of substantive decision-making or implementation activities. It argues that this soft alternative also has its limitations, which can be explained by incongruent memberships and limited legal mandates. It appears that while the treaty bodies of the UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol have been rather passive on the issue of the relationship with the biodiversity convention, the CBD COP has actively sought to manage the interactions between the regimes. Since the adoption of this decision, however, there have been no major efforts to manage interactions between the two treaties. The CBD parties, in contrast, have adopted various decisions on biodiversity and climate change. These decisions have been instrumental in highlighting biodiversity concerns in UNFCCC decisions but have not led to strong references to biodiversity in the climate regimes decisions on forests. Although the institutional cooperation efforts to address the interactions between the climate and biodiversity regime are clearly intensifying, their effects are as of yet uncertain: at best, they can be seen as creating mutual awareness and building capacity at various levels; at worst, they can be viewed as an exercise in rhetoric. First, any effort by actors in one reg ime to influence rule development in another will be limited by the extent to which memberships are congruent. In this case, an important barrier is that the United States is a party to the UNFCCC, but not to the CBD. A broad mandate for the climate regimes treaty or administrative bodies to cooperate with the CBD could lead to the perception that state sovereignty is eroded by importing concepts or rules from the CBD.304 A submission by the United States to the UNFCCC seems to confirm this fear. Commenting on the paper concerning options for enhanced cooperation prepared by the Joint Liaison Group in 2004, the United States notes that the Rio Conventions have a distinct legal character, mandate and membership.305 Although this limitation may not have to hold for the Kyoto Protocol-to which the United States is not a party after all-the secretariats mandate for cooperation is determined by the UNFCCC COP rather than the Kyoto Protocols COP/MOP. More generally, it shows that parties in the climate regime may not be ready to give biodiversity conservation a more prominent place at the expense of achieving cost-effective emission reductions. Legal solutions The notion of conflict resolution leads to the second explanation of why legal techniques are not necessarily the most appropriate means to manage regime interactions: it is not always desirable that one norm prevails over another. Yet such a view ignores the notion that different treaties may pursue similar or overlapping objectives. This is particularly pertinent in the field of international environmental law. In the context of the interactions between the climate and biodiversity regimes, this would mean that any satisfactory resolution needs to result in further greenhouse gas emission reductions, while simultaneously ensuring the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity. My main point is that the focus on normative conflict has overshadowed the idea that norms may also reinforce each other. There is, for instance, a strong argument for using the concept of sustainable development as an overarching objective for international environmental law, and perhaps even internati onal law more generally. The ILC Study Group report has not completely ignored this critique. In its discussion of conflict clauses, the report acknowledges that in some cases it is necessary to put in place a clause that avoids a straightforward priority and instead seeks to coordinate the simultaneous application of the two treaties as far as possible. This is in line with Chambers, who suggests that [t]here is a need to create a positive rule of cooperation . . . which promotes treaty negotiators and treaty interpreters to maintain consistency between treaties. too narrowly focused on conflicts. Conflict resolution rules resulting in a hierarchical relationship of norms may still be useful in conflicts between legal regimes with incompatible objectives, but management of interactions between environmental treaties more generally may be better achieved through conflict avoidance techniques, as well as institutional cooperation and coordination. http://www.glogov.org/images/doc/WP30.pdf It concludes that neither legal nor political approaches are a panacea for interplay management. However, there is potential for the one approach to address the gaps in the other. Whereas international law does not address synergies between environmental treaties, strengthened political coordination and cooperation between them could. It is worth investigating further how international law and politics can work together in reaping synergies and addressing conflicts between multilateral regimes on climate change. In short, the very nature of climate change as an issue of sustainable development makes it almost impossible to capture all relevant aspects under a single legal regime, necessitating the consideration of interactions with other regimes. Similarly, it is not always necessary for two treaties to state their mutual supportiveness in order for States to implement them in a synergetic fashion. The main questions for international lawyers are: 1) can a conflict be established?; and 2) if so, which treaty prevails? CONFLICT CLAUSES The starting point in addressing conflicts is examining whether States have sought to regulate these through so-called conflict clauses (Pauwelyn 2003). The purpose of these clauses is to clarify the relation between treaties, thus preventing contradictions. This can be achieved, for example, by providing that existing treaties prevail or that a new agreement prevails over existing ones (Wolfrum and Matz 2003). It would not be advisable for the Paris agreement to rely on the adoption of conflict clauses due to their prioritising nature which doesnt conform to scientific management. In contrast, the climate agreements contain several clauses that regulate their relation with other multilateral treaties. With regard to the Montreal Protocol, the UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol delimit their scope by only covering greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol. Thereby, the climate agreements express awareness of the substantive interlinkages between the problems of climate change and ozone layer depletion, as some ozone-depleting substances are also greenhouse gases. However, it does not in itself prevent or resolve conflicts.ÂÂ   Another clause is relevant for an issue that has garnered much attention, namely the use of carbon sinks in the Kyoto Protocols Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). Forestry projects are to a limited extent eligible for emission reduction credits under the CDM rules. However, it is feared that these rules do not ensure the protection of biodiversity and the prevention of land degradation, and could hence conflict with objectives and obligations of other environmental treaties Although this provision does not state which agreements need to be taken into account, it is reasonable to assume that given the role of forests and wetlands as sinks, the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), the UN Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) and the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands are relevant. Additionally, the membership of these agreements should be taken into account: it is difficult to see how an agreement can be relevant for a Party that has not signed or ratified it. However, it is unclear what precisely is meant with taking into account, leaving open the question which treaty would prevail in case of a conflict. TREATY INTERPRETATION Treaty interpretation is an important method that can be applied by diplomats and dispute settlement bodies to harmonise two norms that seem to be in conflict. Art 31 VCLT provides gives basic interpretation rules, stipulating that a treatys ordinary meaning, its context, and its object and purpose should be taken into consideration. It also gives more dynamic interpretation rules, which determine that interpretation should take into account a) any subsequent agreement between the Parties on interpretation of the treaty, b) any subseque nt practice in the application of the treaty, and c) any relevant rules of international law applicable in the relations between the parties. CONFLICT RESOLUTION RULES Article 30 VCLT provides rules on the resolution of conflicts. An apparent limitation of this provision is that it only applies to treaties relating to the same subject matter (Article 30.1 VCLT). Of course, application then depends on how one defines subject matter. On the one hand, if this is seen as broad as protection of the environment, Article 30 could theoretically apply to conflicts between the UNFCCC and CBD. The previous section has shown that international law does not particularly aim at enhancing synergies between treaties. Stokke (2001) points to the relevance of institutional coordination and cooperation in dealing with interactions. This could take place simply through information exchange between treaty bodies, or in a more ambitious form of comprising joint planning of programmes or even the coordina tion of substantive decision-making or implementation activities The climate regime has become increasingly involved in this form of interplay management.

how to listen to a driver :: essays research papers

I.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  WHAT IS A BUSINESS? Describe how businesses and nonprofit organizations add to a country’s standard of living and quality of life. A.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  BASIC CONCEPTS 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A BUSINESS is any activity that seeks profit by providing goods and services to others. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  PROFIT is the amount a business earns above and beyond what it spends. CONCEPT CHECK 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Businesses also provide people with the opportunity to become wealthy. B.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  BUSINESSES CAN PROVIDE WEALTH AND A HIGH QUALITY OF LIFE FOR ALMOST EVERYONE. 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ENTREPRENEURS are people who organize, operate, and assume the risk of starting a business. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Businesses are a part of an economic system that helps to create a higher standard of living and quality of life for everyone. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The QUALITY OF LIFE of a country refers to the general well-being of a society C.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  NONPROFIT ORGANIZATIONS USE BUSINESS PRINCIPLES. 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Nonprofit organizations such as government agencies, public schools, charities, and social causes help make a country more responsive to all the needs of citizens. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A NONPROFIT ORGANIZATION is an organization whose goals don’t include making a profit for its owners. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  You need the SAME SKILLS to work in nonprofit organizations that you need in business, including information management, leadership, marketing, financial management. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Businesses, nonprofit organizations, and volunteer groups often strive to accomplish the same objectives. I.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   II.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ENTREPRENEURSHIP VERSUS WORKING FOR OTHERS. Explain the importance of entrepreneurship to the wealth of an economy and show the relationship of profit to risk assumption A.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are TWO WAYS TO SUCCEED IN BUSINESS: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One way is to rise up through the ranks of a large company. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The more risky path is to start your own business. B.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  OPPORTUNITIES FOR ENTREPRENEURS. 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Millions of people have taken the entrepreneurial risk and succeeded. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Entrepreneurs have come from all over the world to prosper in America. a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The number of Hispanic-owned businesses in the United States grew by 76% in the 1990s. b.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Increases have also been made by Asians, Pacific Islanders, American Indians, and Alaskan Natives. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The number of women business owners has also dramatically increased. C.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  MATCHING RISK WITH PROFIT 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Not all businesses make a profit; profit is revenue minus expenses. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  REVENUE is the money a business earns by selling goods and services. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A LOSS occurs when a business’s costs and expenses are more than its revenue, the money a business earns by selling its products. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  RISK is the chance you take of losing time and money on a business that may not prove profitable. CONCEPT CHECK 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Rewards and risk are related.

Multi-User Dungeons

This lengthy article on avatars in Multi-User Dungeons (MUD) was informative and useful, though hard for the novice gamer to digest in one sitting. Literature attests to the gaming community using computers as tools to communicate and to link together friendships and partnerships. However, the article points out there is a danger of the gamer becoming overly involved in the community, and to remember that words on a forum/discussion board screen etc does not equate to an entity that reflects a physical community.I agree that there are differences and these need to be borne in mind during the gaming experience, however I find Rhiengold ignores the inherent similarities of virtual and physical communities with regard to their psychological processes (Agress, Edberg, & Igbaria, 1998). The article reviews MUD as a dynamic and â€Å"wild side† to the Internet. Rheingold contends that real magic exists here and that a person's identity is characterized by its fluidity. The imaginary worlds created with huge computer databases of programming languages deliver melodramas and satires, puzzles, education, leisure time and competition.With respect to the article's description of MUD communities Rheingold is somewhat over-exuberant in listing virtues of MUDs. There is an emphasis on fantasy, power, dominance, sexual prowess and violent injury or death. The goals as presented by Rheingold are economic dominance, fame and social power. Another criticism of the article is that it is not structured soundly. The history of MUD communities begins a page or so into the article. The piece then abruptly jumps to describing potential empirical functions of MUDs; such as observing them as â€Å"living laboratories for studying the first-level impacts of virtual communities†.Rheingold does not attempt to outline how such research could be undertaken, what would be measured or how participants would be ensured of informed consent. Numerous ethical dilemmas are obvious whe n considering the use of MUD communities as settings for collecting social and/or psychological data. Unlike the physical environment, MUDs are not â€Å"natural† and field research designs would need to be modified to maintain ethical standards and empirical rigor.Rheingold also suggests that the MUD environments could be used a research environment for evaluation of second-level effect of virtual communities on physical world relationships, such as with family, personal relationships, friendships etc. Interestingly, Rheingold points out that fundamental issue for the western culture are called into question with MUDs, social norms, values and expectations are adapting to the virtual (pun intended) anonymity the Internet can provide. He makes a good point that this in an important issue for a community where many relationships are mediated by technology.Unfortunately, the article has several disjointed jumps, with Rheingold distributing MUD history throughout the piece. He e xplores the idea of gaming being an addiction, due to several MUDders admitting to spending most of their waking hours immersed in virtual worlds. The concept of MUD community addiction is presented in the article as a â€Å"communication addiction† that needs to be experienced to be understood according to MIT's Media Lab Associate Professor Amy Bruckman; How do we feel about tens of thousands of college students spendingtheir time and government-sponsored resources to chase virtual dragons? To answer this question, you have to dive in and explore assumptions about what is a meaningful way to spend one's time. What are the value judgments implicit in various answers to that question? † Rheingold suggests that the first step is to investigate the fascination some gamers have with MUDding, to determine how obsession develops. Identifying unique features of the medium that engage a gamer psychologically and that meets a person's needs and expectations would inform about f ascination.He further states changing conceptualization about what is identity is the underlying cause as to how fascination develops into a dysfunctional obsession. Hence, to Rheingold, MUD communities are an extension of ongoing cognitive changes brought about by innovation, technological advancements and adaption of symbols to suit a communication-saturated society. MUD environments have allowed dissolving of social boundaries associated with time and space, as well as boundaries of identity. A gamer can pretend to be another; they can pretend to be many other people simultaneously.It appears to Rheingold that depersonalized modes of communication allow some people to be much more personal with each other as compared to a relationship in the physical world. However, he questions the authenticity of the human relationship within the cyber context, given the masking of the person and the distancing that the medium can provide. In this way he states that MUDding is not real life. Ho wever, he does not explore the potential for MUD to become a person's life, which from a constructivist point of view, would make the virtual a â€Å"real world† given that a person is seen as constructing their own reality (Riddings & Gefen, 2004).Overall, Rheingold focuses on issues of identity for the MUDder. One of the first activities that a person does when entering a MUD environment is to create an identity. They describe their character for others who inhabit or visit the MUD. It is through the creation of their identity, states Rheingold that the MUD community develops, grows, changes and maintains coherence for its members. It is the roles each gamer plays, points out Rheingold, that guides the socio-cultural value system of the community; †¦the roles give people new stages on which to exercise new identities,and their new identities affirm the reality of the scenario. The fluidity of identity is enabled by the participants being able to communicate using a num ber of public and private channel options; ? private e-mail ? person-to-person chat ? person-to-person chat ? â€Å"say,† â€Å"whisper,† and â€Å"pose† to anybody else in the same room ? form of group chat that uses the boundaries of metaphorical rooms as social boundaries ? turn on or off special-interest CB channels for other semipublic conversations across different parts of the MUDPoses and words are used to communicate meaning in the MUD environment. Rheingold describes the use of pose as useful though disembodied non-verbal language. Another word for posing is â€Å"emoting† and provides an added dimension to communication not possible in the physical world. For example, â€Å"[Instead] of leaving the room, you can disappear in a cloud of iridescent, bubble-gum-flavored bubbles†. Rheingold comments that first feelings of artificiality when posing soon disperse when one becomes aware of the added control they have over the ambience of the co nversation.Posing can provide contextual cues to that are not available through words on a screen alone. The added advantage of having creative powers within the MUD environment takes the experience beyond that of conferencing and or chat sites, â€Å"such as magic carpets that transport their owners to secret parts of the kingdom†. Other characters are able to steal or gain power of objects and avatars of others. As such, the social construction of valuing items and characters is similar in process to that which occurs in the creation of value systems in physical communities.Similarly, the social goal of power, over others and the material world, is a social concept that continues to be maintained in the virual world. Rheingold ignores this salient feature of consistency in what makes a community. In this way, MUD environment's can be considered â€Å"real† as they are experienced by individuals, and they do lead to the construction of social institutions, rules and c ommon goals mediated by a culturally-dependant language.The MUD culture is framed by the technology through which it is made visible and allows interaction, and also, by the physical world from which its computer hardware and software, and persons social rules came from. Much like Russian dolls, worlds within worlds. Navigation of the MUD community provides a learning experience for each character and they learn their roles to play. Gender roles are a dominant determinant of social placement and social expectations within the physical world. So too in the world of MUD.For example, tiny. sex and net. sleazing are techniques used predominantly by male characters to seduce female newbies into cybersex that is recorded and distributed across the globe via the Internet. As such, gender stereotypes remain within the virtual world, and women tend to be viewed as inferior, gullible and unworthy of treatment as equals. Despite social thought advances in the 21st century, the physical world c ontinues to exist within a patriarchial system that creates power struggles between dichotomies.The MUD communities do little to challenge the status quo of inequality with regard to gender, and in many ways (due to its anonymity) increase opportunities for people to act out anti-social behaviors. It must be kept in mind that these behavioral choices are grounded in physical world cultures, so that Rheingold's claim that MUD communities are unlike the â€Å"real world† in terms of social interactions is poorly supported. In conclusion, Rheingold delivers an indepth subjective critique of MUD communities. The critical review before you has evaluated Rheingold's interpretation and communication of the relevance and function of MUDs.Evidently, MUDding is an important psychological and social activity or â€Å"way-of-being† for many people, both female and male. This has sparked much debate in terms of addiction theories, gender issues and perhaps most importantly, ones se nse of identity. This paper has demonstrated that MUD communities have the potential to be research environments if ethical criteria can be met, and that in terms of social processes virtual communities have many similarities to those of the physical world from which they emerged.References Agres, C. , Edberg, D. & Igbaria, M. (1998) Transformation to Virtual Societies: Forces and Issues. The Information Society 14(2), 71-82. Rhiengold, H. (n. d. ) The Virtual Community. Retrieved January 12, 2007 from http://www. rheingold. com/vc/book/5. html Riddings, C. M. & Gefen, D. (2004) Virtual Community Attraction: Why People Hang Out Online. Retrieved January 12, 2007 from http://jcmc. indiana. edu/vol10/issue1/ridings_gefen. html